Group Difference
Understanding how CareerExplorer's Proprietary Vocational Assessment measures differences between protected groups by ethnicity, gender, and age.
Introduction
Assessments are tools for detecting differences. CareerExplorer’s assessment detects differences in fit with jobs. This information is helpful in choosing a career, and in choosing the right person for a job.
Sometimes a lack of difference is desirable. To promote equal employment goals, it is helpful when protected groups score similarly to other groups. This report explores differences between groups on three grounds: ethnicity, gender, and age.
Group differences are measured using Cohen’s d (Cohen, 1988), which takes into account both the size and consistency of the difference between groups. When interpreting Cohen’s d, .2 is considered a small effect, .5 is a medium effect, and .8 is a large effect.
Ethnicity
Ethnicity analyses compare people with Hispanic or Black origins to people of Caucasian descent. For people with Hispanic ethnicity, there were no large or moderate differences. All 138 scales showed either small differences or favored Hispanics. For people with Black ethnicity, there were no large differences, and 4 moderate differences: people with Black ethnicity scored lower than people with Caucasian ethnicity on Interest in Nature and Agriculture (d = .42), Investigative Holland code (d = .39), and Interest in Working with Animals (d = .47). The remaining 134 scales showed either small differences or favored Black people.
Taken together, ethnic differences are generally small, suggesting that CareerExplorer's assessment is appropriate for use across protected ethnic groups.
Scale | Ethnicity | Sample Size |
Average | Standard Deviation | Cohen's d (?) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Holland Codes
5-point scale from 1= Hate it to 5= Love it |
|||||
Artistic | Black | 411 | 2.93 | 0.89 | -0.08 |
Hispanic | 698 | 2.92 | 0.85 | -0.07 | |
White | 5057 | 2.86 | 0.86 | ||
Conventional | Black | 410 | 2.30 | 0.85 | 0.06 |
Hispanic | 698 | 2.35 | 0.84 | 0.00 | |
White | 5062 | 2.35 | 0.83 | ||
Enterprising | Black | 407 | 2.59 | 0.73 | -0.04 |
Hispanic | 691 | 2.64 | 0.73 | -0.11 | |
White | 5022 | 2.56 | 0.68 | ||
Investigative | Black | 410 | 2.65 | 0.94 | 0.39* |
Hispanic | 698 | 2.90 | 0.94 | 0.11 | |
White | 5059 | 3.00 | 0.91 | ||
Realistic | Black | 410 | 2.01 | 0.78 | 0.07 |
Hispanic | 697 | 2.11 | 0.81 | -0.05 | |
White | 5062 | 2.06 | 0.79 | ||
Social | Black | 411 | 2.93 | 0.82 | 0.02 |
Hispanic | 697 | 2.86 | 0.79 | 0.11 | |
White | 5060 | 2.94 | 0.77 | ||
Work Styles / Personality
5 point scale from 1= Strongly disagree to 5= Strongly agree |
|||||
Achievement/Effort | Black | 409 | 3.78 | 0.72 | -0.18 |
Hispanic | 694 | 3.73 | 0.67 | -0.12 | |
White | 5056 | 3.65 | 0.70 | ||
Adaptability/Flexibility | Black | 410 | 3.58 | 0.59 | -0.16 |
Hispanic | 693 | 3.46 | 0.59 | 0.04 | |
White | 5047 | 3.48 | 0.60 | ||
Analytical thinking | Black | 410 | 3.68 | 0.70 | 0.14 |
Hispanic | 693 | 3.76 | 0.72 | 0.04 | |
White | 5052 | 3.78 | 0.71 | ||
Attention to detail | Black | 408 | 3.57 | 0.74 | -0.04 |
Hispanic | 695 | 3.62 | 0.71 | -0.10 | |
White | 5058 | 3.54 | 0.73 | ||
Concern for others | Black | 410 | 3.75 | 0.68 | 0.01 |
Hispanic | 694 | 3.62 | 0.71 | 0.21 | |
White | 5049 | 3.76 | 0.66 | ||
Cooperation | Black | 406 | 3.85 | 0.63 | -0.11 |
Hispanic | 688 | 3.72 | 0.61 | 0.10 | |
White | 5017 | 3.78 | 0.59 | ||
Dependability | Black | 410 | 3.81 | 0.68 | 0.15 |
Hispanic | 695 | 3.77 | 0.64 | 0.21 | |
White | 5050 | 3.90 | 0.63 | ||
Independence | Black | 407 | 3.64 | 0.55 | -0.17 |
Hispanic | 687 | 3.57 | 0.51 | -0.03 | |
White | 5015 | 3.55 | 0.55 | ||
Initiative | Black | 409 | 3.53 | 0.61 | 0.05 |
Hispanic | 694 | 3.49 | 0.59 | 0.13 | |
White | 5036 | 3.56 | 0.60 | ||
Innovation | Black | 410 | 3.89 | 0.79 | -0.10 |
Hispanic | 694 | 3.78 | 0.83 | 0.04 | |
White | 5058 | 3.81 | 0.82 | ||
Integrity | Black | 410 | 3.75 | 0.75 | 0.10 |
Hispanic | 693 | 3.73 | 0.74 | 0.14 | |
White | 5053 | 3.83 | 0.74 | ||
Leadership | Black | 410 | 3.30 | 0.95 | -0.01 |
Hispanic | 695 | 3.31 | 0.93 | -0.02 | |
White | 5057 | 3.30 | 0.94 | ||
Persistence | Black | 409 | 3.82 | 0.62 | -0.18 |
Hispanic | 694 | 3.78 | 0.65 | -0.11 | |
White | 5053 | 3.71 | 0.59 | ||
Self control | Black | 410 | 3.59 | 0.75 | -0.06 |
Hispanic | 695 | 3.46 | 0.76 | 0.11 | |
White | 5052 | 3.55 | 0.76 | ||
Social orientation | Black | 409 | 3.11 | 0.88 | 0.11 |
Hispanic | 696 | 3.12 | 0.84 | 0.09 | |
White | 5051 | 3.20 | 0.83 | ||
Basic Interests
5-point scale from 1= Hate it to 5= Love it |
|||||
Adventure | Black | 409 | 2.64 | 0.96 | 0.20 |
Hispanic | 694 | 2.93 | 0.97 | -0.09 | |
White | 5052 | 2.84 | 0.97 | ||
Athletics | Black | 410 | 2.50 | 1.07 | 0.01 |
Hispanic | 695 | 2.50 | 1.02 | 0.01 | |
White | 5048 | 2.51 | 1.02 | ||
Beauty & style | Black | 408 | 2.84 | 1.00 | -0.24 |
Hispanic | 694 | 2.69 | 1.00 | -0.09 | |
White | 5030 | 2.61 | 0.95 | ||
Business | Black | 410 | 2.89 | 1.02 | -0.02 |
Hispanic | 696 | 2.87 | 1.03 | 0.00 | |
White | 5053 | 2.87 | 0.99 | ||
Counseling and helping | Black | 409 | 3.11 | 0.97 | -0.13 |
Hispanic | 696 | 2.93 | 0.91 | 0.06 | |
White | 5051 | 2.99 | 0.93 | ||
Creative arts | Black | 410 | 3.21 | 1.10 | -0.04 |
Hispanic | 695 | 3.23 | 1.08 | -0.06 | |
White | 5052 | 3.17 | 1.08 | ||
Creative writing & journalism | Black | 407 | 3.13 | 1.05 | 0.02 |
Hispanic | 695 | 3.13 | 1.08 | 0.02 | |
White | 5051 | 3.15 | 1.05 | ||
Culinary arts | Black | 410 | 2.79 | 1.03 | 0.06 |
Hispanic | 694 | 2.80 | 0.99 | 0.06 | |
White | 5048 | 2.86 | 0.98 | ||
Engineering | Black | 409 | 2.29 | 0.93 | 0.15 |
Hispanic | 695 | 2.49 | 0.94 | -0.06 | |
White | 5051 | 2.44 | 0.94 | ||
Family activity | Black | 408 | 3.48 | 0.90 | -0.05 |
Hispanic | 695 | 3.43 | 0.80 | 0.02 | |
White | 5050 | 3.44 | 0.79 | ||
Finance | Black | 410 | 2.60 | 0.97 | -0.06 |
Hispanic | 695 | 2.63 | 0.97 | -0.09 | |
White | 5050 | 2.54 | 0.96 | ||
Green industry | Black | 410 | 3.08 | 0.95 | 0.17 |
Hispanic | 694 | 3.27 | 0.95 | -0.03 | |
White | 5035 | 3.24 | 0.93 | ||
Healthcare service | Black | 409 | 2.68 | 0.98 | 0.01 |
Hispanic | 694 | 2.68 | 0.96 | 0.02 | |
White | 5052 | 2.70 | 0.91 | ||
Human relations management | Black | 410 | 2.87 | 0.93 | -0.01 |
Hispanic | 694 | 2.78 | 0.88 | 0.10 | |
White | 5049 | 2.86 | 0.85 | ||
Information technology | Black | 410 | 2.42 | 1.00 | 0.04 |
Hispanic | 694 | 2.57 | 1.02 | -0.12 | |
White | 5054 | 2.46 | 0.95 | ||
Law | Black | 409 | 2.56 | 1.04 | 0.00 |
Hispanic | 694 | 2.46 | 1.00 | 0.09 | |
White | 5053 | 2.55 | 0.98 | ||
Life science | Black | 410 | 2.47 | 0.97 | 0.28 |
Hispanic | 695 | 2.65 | 0.99 | 0.10 | |
White | 5051 | 2.75 | 0.98 | ||
Management | Black | 410 | 2.62 | 0.93 | 0.11 |
Hispanic | 695 | 2.74 | 0.95 | -0.02 | |
White | 5050 | 2.72 | 0.89 | ||
Manual labor | Black | 410 | 1.78 | 0.70 | 0.07 |
Hispanic | 695 | 1.91 | 0.71 | -0.13 | |
White | 5054 | 1.83 | 0.68 | ||
Mathematics | Black | 410 | 2.19 | 1.06 | 0.14 |
Hispanic | 695 | 2.44 | 1.10 | -0.09 | |
White | 5050 | 2.34 | 1.05 | ||
Military | Black | 408 | 1.98 | 1.00 | -0.02 |
Hispanic | 691 | 2.10 | 1.11 | -0.13 | |
White | 5046 | 1.96 | 1.03 | ||
Nature and agriculture | Black | 405 | 2.18 | 0.77 | 0.42* |
Hispanic | 688 | 2.45 | 0.76 | 0.06 | |
White | 5023 | 2.49 | 0.76 | ||
Office clerical work | Black | 409 | 2.54 | 0.82 | 0.05 |
Hispanic | 693 | 2.54 | 0.80 | 0.05 | |
White | 5049 | 2.58 | 0.81 | ||
Performing arts | Black | 408 | 3.14 | 1.06 | -0.29 |
Hispanic | 693 | 2.90 | 1.04 | -0.07 | |
White | 5049 | 2.83 | 1.04 | ||
Personal service | Black | 409 | 2.51 | 0.81 | 0.08 |
Hispanic | 695 | 2.52 | 0.81 | 0.06 | |
White | 5043 | 2.57 | 0.76 | ||
Physical science | Black | 410 | 2.31 | 0.95 | 0.24 |
Hispanic | 696 | 2.55 | 1.02 | -0.01 | |
White | 5050 | 2.55 | 0.98 | ||
Politics | Black | 409 | 2.39 | 0.99 | 0.00 |
Hispanic | 695 | 2.41 | 1.07 | -0.02 | |
White | 5047 | 2.39 | 1.01 | ||
Professional advising | Black | 409 | 2.94 | 1.00 | 0.06 |
Hispanic | 696 | 2.85 | 0.94 | 0.16 | |
White | 5054 | 3.00 | 0.94 | ||
Protective services | Black | 406 | 2.11 | 0.82 | 0.14 |
Hispanic | 688 | 2.21 | 0.86 | 0.02 | |
White | 5013 | 2.22 | 0.83 | ||
Religion & spirituality | Black | 406 | 2.75 | 1.07 | -0.33 |
Hispanic | 695 | 2.36 | 1.02 | 0.04 | |
White | 5047 | 2.41 | 1.03 | ||
Sales | Black | 408 | 2.40 | 0.96 | -0.07 |
Hispanic | 693 | 2.40 | 1.02 | -0.07 | |
White | 5052 | 2.33 | 0.93 | ||
Skilled trades | Black | 410 | 2.11 | 0.92 | 0.18 |
Hispanic | 695 | 2.26 | 0.94 | 0.02 | |
White | 5055 | 2.29 | 0.95 | ||
Social sciences | Black | 410 | 3.39 | 0.97 | 0.09 |
Hispanic | 695 | 3.41 | 0.95 | 0.07 | |
White | 5049 | 3.48 | 0.91 | ||
Teaching | Black | 410 | 2.93 | 0.97 | 0.16 |
Hispanic | 696 | 2.94 | 1.00 | 0.15 | |
White | 5047 | 3.09 | 0.95 | ||
Technical writing | Black | 409 | 2.17 | 0.84 | 0.08 |
Hispanic | 694 | 2.18 | 0.81 | 0.07 | |
White | 5054 | 2.24 | 0.83 | ||
Working with animals | Black | 409 | 2.43 | 1.06 | 0.47* |
Hispanic | 694 | 2.77 | 1.01 | 0.14 | |
White | 5052 | 2.91 | 1.03 | ||
Skills Preferences 5-point scale from 1=Important to avoid in my career to 5=Important to have in my career |
|||||
Coordinating with people | Black | 407 | 3.77 | 1.01 | -0.09 |
Hispanic | 693 | 3.69 | 0.98 | 0.00 | |
White | 5057 | 3.69 | 0.90 | ||
Active listening | Black | 409 | 4.03 | 0.87 | -0.17 |
Hispanic | 694 | 3.96 | 0.82 | -0.08 | |
White | 5055 | 3.89 | 0.81 | ||
Being socially perceptive | Black | 406 | 3.87 | 0.97 | -0.05 |
Hispanic | 691 | 3.82 | 0.96 | 0.00 | |
White | 5045 | 3.83 | 0.92 | ||
Choosing equipment | Black | 407 | 3.20 | 1.00 | -0.06 |
Hispanic | 690 | 3.34 | 0.91 | -0.22 | |
White | 5040 | 3.14 | 0.91 | ||
Computer programming | Black | 409 | 2.47 | 1.13 | -0.02 |
Hispanic | 693 | 2.58 | 1.13 | -0.13 | |
White | 5053 | 2.44 | 1.05 | ||
Critical thinking | Black | 410 | 3.96 | 0.91 | 0.08 |
Hispanic | 694 | 4.03 | 0.89 | 0.01 | |
White | 5058 | 4.03 | 0.85 | ||
Decision making | Black | 409 | 3.97 | 0.87 | -0.19 |
Hispanic | 695 | 3.84 | 0.94 | -0.05 | |
White | 5058 | 3.80 | 0.89 | ||
Designing equipment | Black | 408 | 2.68 | 1.07 | 0.04 |
Hispanic | 693 | 2.89 | 1.08 | -0.16 | |
White | 5048 | 2.73 | 1.00 | ||
Fixing things | Black | 408 | 2.81 | 1.13 | 0.08 |
Hispanic | 695 | 2.93 | 1.16 | -0.03 | |
White | 5056 | 2.90 | 1.09 | ||
Helping people | Black | 409 | 4.04 | 0.95 | -0.13 |
Hispanic | 693 | 3.82 | 1.03 | 0.11 | |
White | 5056 | 3.92 | 0.93 | ||
Installing equipment or programs | Black | 409 | 2.48 | 1.11 | -0.06 |
Hispanic | 693 | 2.48 | 1.07 | -0.06 | |
White | 5054 | 2.42 | 1.00 | ||
Learning new things | Black | 410 | 4.45 | 0.68 | -0.09 |
Hispanic | 695 | 4.46 | 0.67 | -0.11 | |
White | 5057 | 4.39 | 0.66 | ||
Maintaining equipment | Black | 410 | 2.68 | 1.04 | -0.15 |
Hispanic | 694 | 2.65 | 1.01 | -0.12 | |
White | 5048 | 2.53 | 0.97 | ||
Managing money | Black | 409 | 3.20 | 1.11 | -0.19 |
Hispanic | 693 | 3.20 | 1.08 | -0.19 | |
White | 5057 | 3.01 | 1.01 | ||
Managing people | Black | 407 | 3.42 | 1.10 | -0.11 |
Hispanic | 695 | 3.41 | 1.06 | -0.10 | |
White | 5055 | 3.31 | 1.03 | ||
Managing things | Black | 409 | 3.42 | 1.03 | -0.08 |
Hispanic | 694 | 3.35 | 0.99 | -0.01 | |
White | 5054 | 3.35 | 0.93 | ||
Mathematics | Black | 408 | 2.75 | 1.18 | 0.16 |
Hispanic | 693 | 3.02 | 1.18 | -0.08 | |
White | 5049 | 2.93 | 1.11 | ||
Monitoring equipment | Black | 408 | 2.54 | 0.99 | -0.11 |
Hispanic | 692 | 2.60 | 1.00 | -0.16 | |
White | 5049 | 2.44 | 0.92 | ||
Monitoring performance | Black | 409 | 3.51 | 0.99 | -0.12 |
Hispanic | 690 | 3.48 | 0.93 | -0.08 | |
White | 5049 | 3.40 | 0.89 | ||
Negotiation | Black | 410 | 3.40 | 1.11 | -0.20 |
Hispanic | 694 | 3.22 | 1.10 | -0.03 | |
White | 5052 | 3.20 | 1.04 | ||
Operating equipment | Black | 408 | 2.77 | 1.07 | -0.05 |
Hispanic | 693 | 2.86 | 1.09 | -0.14 | |
White | 5050 | 2.72 | 1.00 | ||
Performing quality control checks | Black | 405 | 2.89 | 1.06 | -0.16 |
Hispanic | 691 | 2.90 | 1.06 | -0.17 | |
White | 5045 | 2.74 | 0.96 | ||
Persuasion | Black | 410 | 3.39 | 1.06 | -0.15 |
Hispanic | 690 | 3.37 | 1.10 | -0.13 | |
White | 5050 | 3.23 | 1.04 | ||
Reading | Black | 410 | 3.96 | 0.92 | -0.07 |
Hispanic | 695 | 3.86 | 0.95 | 0.04 | |
White | 5058 | 3.90 | 0.89 | ||
Science | Black | 409 | 3.02 | 1.19 | 0.10 |
Hispanic | 694 | 3.27 | 1.22 | -0.12 | |
White | 5058 | 3.14 | 1.15 | ||
Talking | Black | 408 | 3.93 | 0.94 | -0.07 |
Hispanic | 694 | 3.81 | 0.98 | 0.07 | |
White | 5056 | 3.87 | 0.91 | ||
Teaching | Black | 408 | 3.32 | 1.03 | 0.12 |
Hispanic | 694 | 3.33 | 1.03 | 0.11 | |
White | 5056 | 3.43 | 0.96 | ||
Time management | Black | 409 | 3.65 | 0.95 | -0.12 |
Hispanic | 691 | 3.61 | 0.92 | -0.07 | |
White | 5046 | 3.54 | 0.88 | ||
Troubleshooting | Black | 404 | 3.47 | 0.98 | 0.15 |
Hispanic | 691 | 3.53 | 0.93 | 0.08 | |
White | 5037 | 3.60 | 0.92 | ||
Writing | Black | 410 | 3.62 | 1.05 | -0.07 |
Hispanic | 695 | 3.51 | 1.09 | 0.04 | |
White | 5056 | 3.56 | 1.03 | ||
Abilities Preferences
5-point scale from 1= Important to avoid in my career to 5= Important to have in my career |
|||||
Coordination of limbs | Black | 408 | 3.17 | 0.98 | 0.00 |
Hispanic | 689 | 3.15 | 0.95 | 0.03 | |
White | 5031 | 3.17 | 0.90 | ||
Creative thinking | Black | 409 | 4.22 | 0.85 | -0.05 |
Hispanic | 694 | 4.14 | 0.87 | 0.04 | |
White | 5059 | 4.18 | 0.82 | ||
Deductive reasoning | Black | 404 | 3.78 | 0.85 | 0.08 |
Hispanic | 690 | 3.89 | 0.83 | -0.05 | |
White | 5031 | 3.85 | 0.77 | ||
Finger dexterity | Black | 406 | 2.89 | 0.98 | 0.04 |
Hispanic | 685 | 2.87 | 0.98 | 0.06 | |
White | 5013 | 2.93 | 0.89 | ||
Flexibility | Black | 410 | 3.62 | 1.06 | -0.14 |
Hispanic | 692 | 3.54 | 1.05 | -0.06 | |
White | 5052 | 3.48 | 1.01 | ||
Focused attention | Black | 409 | 3.91 | 0.81 | -0.11 |
Hispanic | 692 | 3.93 | 0.82 | -0.14 | |
White | 5049 | 3.83 | 0.78 | ||
Foreseeing problems | Black | 406 | 3.80 | 0.89 | 0.00 |
Hispanic | 690 | 3.84 | 0.84 | -0.05 | |
White | 5046 | 3.80 | 0.80 | ||
Inductive reasoning | Black | 405 | 3.72 | 0.85 | 0.05 |
Hispanic | 690 | 3.78 | 0.86 | -0.02 | |
White | 5017 | 3.76 | 0.80 | ||
Manual dexterity | Black | 402 | 3.18 | 1.00 | -0.07 |
Hispanic | 688 | 3.15 | 1.00 | -0.04 | |
White | 5000 | 3.12 | 0.89 | ||
Memory | Black | 410 | 3.77 | 0.93 | -0.13 |
Hispanic | 693 | 3.74 | 0.92 | -0.10 | |
White | 5055 | 3.65 | 0.87 | ||
Multitasking | Black | 409 | 3.74 | 0.94 | -0.14 |
Hispanic | 694 | 3.65 | 0.89 | -0.04 | |
White | 5050 | 3.61 | 0.91 | ||
Physical endurance | Black | 410 | 2.86 | 1.20 | -0.02 |
Hispanic | 693 | 2.89 | 1.13 | -0.05 | |
White | 5051 | 2.83 | 1.06 | ||
Physical strength | Black | 408 | 2.84 | 1.18 | -0.07 |
Hispanic | 693 | 2.83 | 1.13 | -0.06 | |
White | 5053 | 2.77 | 1.04 | ||
Reaction time | Black | 408 | 3.39 | 0.98 | -0.15 |
Hispanic | 692 | 3.40 | 0.94 | -0.17 | |
White | 5035 | 3.26 | 0.88 | ||
Spatial awareness | Black | 403 | 3.55 | 0.92 | -0.11 |
Hispanic | 685 | 3.48 | 0.86 | -0.03 | |
White | 5017 | 3.46 | 0.83 | ||
Visualization | Black | 409 | 3.95 | 0.85 | -0.18 |
Hispanic | 692 | 3.84 | 0.87 | -0.05 | |
White | 5042 | 3.80 | 0.82 | ||
Can't Stands 5-point scale from 0=Don't mind at all, 1=Don't mind much, 3=Nice to avoid, 5=Important to avoid, 10=Must avoid! |
|||||
Competition | Black | 408 | 2.78 | 2.67 | 0.04 |
Hispanic | 694 | 2.63 | 2.55 | 0.10 | |
White | 5059 | 2.88 | 2.48 | ||
Coordinating or leading others | Black | 408 | 1.45 | 1.97 | -0.04 |
Hispanic | 694 | 1.50 | 2.08 | -0.07 | |
White | 5052 | 1.37 | 1.91 | ||
Cramped spaces & awkward positions | Black | 408 | 5.05 | 3.28 | -0.14 |
Hispanic | 689 | 4.79 | 3.28 | -0.06 | |
White | 5047 | 4.62 | 3.05 | ||
Dangerous work environment | Black | 408 | 5.44 | 3.62 | -0.27 |
Hispanic | 694 | 4.26 | 3.24 | 0.09 | |
White | 5056 | 4.55 | 3.27 | ||
Dealing with angry or rude people | Black | 409 | 3.86 | 3.12 | -0.20 |
Hispanic | 696 | 3.66 | 3.00 | -0.13 | |
White | 5061 | 3.32 | 2.65 | ||
Dealing with customers | Black | 409 | 2.19 | 2.55 | -0.13 |
Hispanic | 696 | 2.17 | 2.53 | -0.12 | |
White | 5060 | 1.90 | 2.22 | ||
Dealing with physically aggressive people | Black | 409 | 5.90 | 3.52 | -0.15 |
Hispanic | 696 | 5.52 | 3.57 | -0.04 | |
White | 5058 | 5.40 | 3.31 | ||
Driving a car or truck | Black | 409 | 5.03 | 3.53 | -0.03 |
Hispanic | 696 | 4.95 | 3.56 | 0.00 | |
White | 5059 | 4.94 | 3.40 | ||
Exposure to heights | Black | 408 | 4.09 | 3.58 | -0.24 |
Hispanic | 695 | 3.26 | 3.14 | 0.01 | |
White | 5056 | 3.29 | 3.22 | ||
Frequent decision making | Black | 409 | 1.33 | 1.59 | 0.00 |
Hispanic | 695 | 1.41 | 1.74 | -0.05 | |
White | 5055 | 1.32 | 1.64 | ||
Kneeling or crawling | Black | 410 | 3.87 | 3.19 | -0.16 |
Hispanic | 690 | 3.50 | 3.10 | -0.03 | |
White | 5049 | 3.42 | 2.81 | ||
Public speaking | Black | 409 | 2.43 | 2.81 | 0.04 |
Hispanic | 694 | 2.63 | 2.98 | -0.03 | |
White | 5059 | 2.54 | 2.85 | ||
Repetitive motions | Black | 403 | 2.53 | 2.32 | 0.03 |
Hispanic | 691 | 2.49 | 2.30 | 0.04 | |
White | 5035 | 2.59 | 2.24 | ||
Resonsibility for people's health and safety | Black | 409 | 2.60 | 2.59 | -0.06 |
Hispanic | 694 | 2.82 | 2.73 | -0.16 | |
White | 5053 | 2.46 | 2.27 | ||
Responsibity for results of others | Black | 408 | 2.98 | 2.72 | -0.20 |
Hispanic | 693 | 2.76 | 2.54 | -0.11 | |
White | 5051 | 2.50 | 2.30 | ||
Sitting most of the time | Black | 407 | 2.35 | 2.25 | 0.03 |
Hispanic | 695 | 2.47 | 2.57 | -0.03 | |
White | 5058 | 2.40 | 2.33 | ||
Standing most of the time | Black | 409 | 3.05 | 2.82 | -0.20 |
Hispanic | 696 | 2.56 | 2.58 | 0.00 | |
White | 5062 | 2.57 | 2.41 | ||
Time pressure | Black | 408 | 2.38 | 2.23 | -0.13 |
Hispanic | 692 | 2.52 | 2.37 | -0.20 | |
White | 5053 | 2.11 | 2.01 | ||
Unpredictable work schedules | Black | 409 | 2.67 | 2.46 | -0.08 |
Hispanic | 693 | 2.53 | 2.42 | -0.02 | |
White | 5054 | 2.48 | 2.20 | ||
Working in extreme temperatures | Black | 409 | 4.80 | 3.25 | -0.22 |
Hispanic | 695 | 4.25 | 3.28 | -0.05 | |
White | 5060 | 4.11 | 3.08 | ||
Working indoors all the time | Black | 407 | 1.53 | 1.77 | 0.08 |
Hispanic | 694 | 1.99 | 2.47 | -0.16 | |
White | 5058 | 1.68 | 1.87 | ||
Working more than 40 hours a week | Black | 408 | 1.95 | 2.26 | 0.01 |
Hispanic | 693 | 2.06 | 2.32 | -0.05 | |
White | 5046 | 1.97 | 1.99 | ||
Working outdoors exposed to weather | Black | 408 | 4.30 | 3.43 | -0.29 |
Hispanic | 695 | 3.24 | 3.14 | 0.05 | |
White | 5060 | 3.40 | 3.06 | ||
Organizational Culture
5-point scale from 1= Least important to 5= Most important |
|||||
Aggressiveness | Black | 407 | 1.45 | 0.95 | -0.21 |
Hispanic | 691 | 1.42 | 0.92 | -0.17 | |
White | 5000 | 1.29 | 0.78 | ||
Caring about employees | Black | 407 | 3.21 | 1.44 | 0.09 |
Hispanic | 691 | 3.00 | 1.37 | 0.25 | |
White | 4998 | 3.33 | 1.36 | ||
Fairness / Justice | Black | 407 | 3.12 | 1.42 | -0.07 |
Hispanic | 692 | 3.07 | 1.46 | -0.03 | |
White | 4998 | 3.03 | 1.35 | ||
Flexibility / adapting to change | Black | 408 | 3.21 | 1.37 | -0.12 |
Hispanic | 692 | 3.13 | 1.40 | -0.06 | |
White | 4996 | 3.05 | 1.33 | ||
Getting things done | Black | 407 | 3.35 | 1.25 | -0.04 |
Hispanic | 691 | 3.22 | 1.36 | 0.07 | |
White | 4999 | 3.30 | 1.32 | ||
Innovation | Black | 407 | 3.06 | 1.44 | 0.06 |
Hispanic | 692 | 3.21 | 1.46 | -0.05 | |
White | 5000 | 3.14 | 1.40 | ||
Openness and honesty | Black | 407 | 3.30 | 1.28 | 0.08 |
Hispanic | 692 | 3.37 | 1.32 | 0.03 | |
White | 4999 | 3.41 | 1.29 | ||
Precision | Black | 407 | 2.18 | 1.20 | 0.09 |
Hispanic | 691 | 2.41 | 1.23 | -0.09 | |
White | 4999 | 2.30 | 1.25 | ||
Providing high quality products or services | Black | 407 | 2.87 | 1.42 | 0.21 |
Hispanic | 692 | 3.02 | 1.44 | 0.11 | |
White | 4999 | 3.17 | 1.40 | ||
Self-control | Black | 407 | 2.24 | 1.17 | -0.22 |
Hispanic | 691 | 2.15 | 1.17 | -0.15 | |
White | 4999 | 1.99 | 1.11 | ||
Taking Chances | Black | 408 | 2.35 | 1.37 | -0.11 |
Hispanic | 692 | 2.53 | 1.26 | -0.25 | |
White | 4999 | 2.21 | 1.26 | ||
Valuing customers | Black | 408 | 2.65 | 1.30 | 0.10 |
Hispanic | 692 | 2.48 | 1.29 | 0.22 | |
White | 4997 | 2.78 | 1.33 |
* Moderate difference, ** Large difference
Positive Cohen's d values indicate that the majority group scored higher than the minority group.
Gender
Results from CareerExplorer's assessment are consistent with past findings on how men and women report having differing interests. Women showed less interest than men on: Engineering (d = .98), Skilled Trades (d = .77), Information Technology (d = .76), Realistic Holland code (d = .74), Protective Services (d = .71), Military (d = .70), Adventure (d = .69), Athletics (d = .57), Finance (d = .52), Physical Science (d = .50), Mathematics (d = .50), Business (d = .44), Politics (d = .42), and Management (d = .40). Men showed less interest than women on Beauty/Style (d = -.82) and Culinary Arts (d = -.40).
CareerExplorer's skills & abilities sections measure preference for using or avoiding certain skills/abilities in a job. Again, differences mirrored conventional stereotypes for tasks typically associated with men. Compared to women, men showed more interest in using Installation skills (d =.75), Operation and Control skills (d = .54), Technology Design skills (d = .52), Equipment Selection skills (d = .52), Programming skills (d = .49), Operation Monitoring skills (d = .48), Repairing skills (d = .46), Physical Strength abilities (d = .43), Mathematics skills (d = .42), and Equipment Maintenance skills (d = .42).
In personality, moderate differences occurred on two traits. Men tended to score higher than women on the work style of Analytical Thinking (d = .43), while women tended to score higher than men on the work style of Concern for Others (d = -.42).
Taken together, results suggest few gender differences in personality, and expected gender differences in interests.
Scale | Gender | Sample Size |
Average | Standard Deviation | Cohen's d (?) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Holland Codes 5-point scale from 1=Hate it to 5=Love it |
|||||
Artistic | Female | 1893 | 2.74 | 0.88 | 0.04 |
Male | 1143 | 2.78 | 0.85 | ||
Conventional | Female | 1904 | 2.29 | 0.84 | 0.19 |
Male | 1152 | 2.45 | 0.81 | ||
Enterprising | Female | 1885 | 2.48 | 0.68 | 0.29 |
Male | 1134 | 2.68 | 0.70 | ||
Investigative | Female | 1905 | 2.84 | 0.94 | 0.18 |
Male | 1147 | 3.00 | 0.89 | ||
Realistic | Female | 1905 | 1.86 | 0.71 | 0.76** |
Male | 1152 | 2.43 | 0.81 | ||
Social | Female | 1897 | 2.98 | 0.78 | -0.28 |
Male | 1147 | 2.76 | 0.81 | ||
Work Styles / Personality 5-point scale from 1=Strongly disagree to 5=Strongly agree |
|||||
Achievement/Effort | Female | 1656 | 3.68 | 0.68 | -0.11 |
Male | 980 | 3.61 | 0.73 | ||
Adaptability/Flexibility | Female | 1653 | 3.45 | 0.60 | 0 |
Male | 972 | 3.45 | 0.63 | ||
Analytical thinking | Female | 1649 | 3.64 | 0.74 | 0.43* |
Male | 968 | 3.95 | 0.69 | ||
Attention to detail | Female | 1653 | 3.62 | 0.72 | -0.2 |
Male | 969 | 3.47 | 0.76 | ||
Concern for others | Female | 1651 | 3.82 | 0.65 | -0.42* |
Male | 975 | 3.54 | 0.70 | ||
Cooperation | Female | 1656 | 3.81 | 0.61 | -0.13 |
Male | 972 | 3.73 | 0.60 | ||
Dependability | Female | 1653 | 3.92 | 0.65 | -0.16 |
Male | 970 | 3.81 | 0.69 | ||
Independence | Female | 1663 | 3.49 | 0.55 | 0.2 |
Male | 976 | 3.60 | 0.56 | ||
Initiative | Female | 1644 | 3.56 | 0.59 | -0.14 |
Male | 974 | 3.48 | 0.62 | ||
Innovation | Female | 1670 | 3.70 | 0.85 | 0.13 |
Male | 983 | 3.81 | 0.83 | ||
Integrity | Female | 1650 | 3.83 | 0.72 | -0.25 |
Male | 973 | 3.65 | 0.79 | ||
Leadership | Female | 1673 | 3.21 | 0.92 | 0.25 |
Male | 983 | 3.44 | 0.93 | ||
Persistence | Female | 1652 | 3.70 | 0.59 | 0.08 |
Male | 973 | 3.74 | 0.64 | ||
Self control | Female | 1657 | 3.51 | 0.76 | 0.14 |
Male | 976 | 3.61 | 0.73 | ||
Social orientation | Female | 1659 | 3.20 | 0.83 | 0.01 |
Male | 975 | 3.21 | 0.80 | ||
Basic Interests 5-point scale from 1=Hate it to 5=Love it |
|||||
Adventure | Female | 1577 | 2.57 | 0.89 | 0.73** |
Male | 900 | 3.23 | 0.94 | ||
Athletics | Female | 1579 | 2.29 | 0.94 | 0.6* |
Male | 903 | 2.87 | 1.04 | ||
Beauty & style | Female | 1394 | 2.90 | 0.92 | -0.83** |
Male | 796 | 2.17 | 0.80 | ||
Business | Female | 1574 | 2.75 | 0.99 | 0.47* |
Male | 911 | 3.21 | 0.98 | ||
Counseling and helping | Female | 1577 | 3.10 | 0.94 | -0.29 |
Male | 903 | 2.83 | 0.91 | ||
Creative arts | Female | 1579 | 3.18 | 1.09 | -0.16 |
Male | 907 | 3.01 | 1.04 | ||
Creative writing & journalism | Female | 1400 | 3.11 | 1.05 | -0.06 |
Male | 801 | 3.05 | 1.04 | ||
Culinary arts | Female | 1575 | 2.95 | 0.98 | -0.4* |
Male | 910 | 2.56 | 0.89 | ||
Engineering | Female | 1581 | 2.16 | 0.83 | 1.02** |
Male | 905 | 3.05 | 0.93 | ||
Family activity | Female | 1391 | 3.51 | 0.83 | -0.18 |
Male | 796 | 3.37 | 0.78 | ||
Finance | Female | 1581 | 2.42 | 0.93 | 0.53* |
Male | 905 | 2.93 | 1.01 | ||
Green industry | Female | 1401 | 3.20 | 0.96 | 0.13 |
Male | 802 | 3.32 | 0.92 | ||
Healthcare service | Female | 1578 | 2.73 | 0.95 | 0.01 |
Male | 903 | 2.73 | 0.89 | ||
Human relations management | Female | 1396 | 2.88 | 0.86 | -0.04 |
Male | 798 | 2.85 | 0.86 | ||
Information technology | Female | 1583 | 2.24 | 0.88 | 0.79** |
Male | 909 | 2.96 | 1.00 | ||
Law | Female | 1577 | 2.53 | 1.01 | 0.1 |
Male | 902 | 2.63 | 0.96 | ||
Life science | Female | 1599 | 2.65 | 0.99 | 0.14 |
Male | 927 | 2.79 | 0.96 | ||
Management | Female | 1574 | 2.62 | 0.89 | 0.41* |
Male | 904 | 2.98 | 0.90 | ||
Manual labor | Female | 1573 | 1.73 | 0.62 | 0.4* |
Male | 906 | 2.00 | 0.75 | ||
Mathematics | Female | 1402 | 2.22 | 1.02 | 0.51* |
Male | 799 | 2.75 | 1.09 | ||
Military | Female | 1390 | 1.69 | 0.82 | 0.73** |
Male | 798 | 2.38 | 1.15 | ||
Nature and agriculture | Female | 1392 | 2.37 | 0.73 | 0.26 |
Male | 797 | 2.56 | 0.80 | ||
Office clerical work | Female | 1392 | 2.68 | 0.83 | -0.22 |
Male | 793 | 2.50 | 0.77 | ||
Performing arts | Female | 1395 | 2.79 | 1.03 | -0.03 |
Male | 798 | 2.75 | 1.03 | ||
Personal service | Female | 1398 | 2.63 | 0.74 | -0.38 |
Male | 796 | 2.34 | 0.74 | ||
Physical science | Female | 1584 | 2.35 | 0.93 | 0.54* |
Male | 918 | 2.86 | 0.96 | ||
Politics | Female | 1401 | 2.25 | 0.97 | 0.42* |
Male | 802 | 2.66 | 1.05 | ||
Professional advising | Female | 1399 | 2.97 | 0.93 | 0.07 |
Male | 798 | 3.03 | 0.90 | ||
Protective services | Female | 1577 | 2.01 | 0.75 | 0.73** |
Male | 902 | 2.59 | 0.89 | ||
Religion & spirituality | Female | 1402 | 2.38 | 0.98 | 0.06 |
Male | 799 | 2.45 | 1.07 | ||
Sales | Female | 1392 | 2.23 | 0.90 | 0.38 |
Male | 797 | 2.59 | 0.99 | ||
Skilled trades | Female | 1579 | 2.03 | 0.85 | 0.77** |
Male | 905 | 2.72 | 1.00 | ||
Social sciences | Female | 1574 | 3.55 | 0.89 | -0.19 |
Male | 908 | 3.38 | 0.92 | ||
Teaching | Female | 1581 | 3.10 | 0.97 | -0.1 |
Male | 909 | 3.00 | 0.96 | ||
Technical writing | Female | 1396 | 2.17 | 0.82 | 0.27 |
Male | 801 | 2.39 | 0.84 | ||
Working with animals | Female | 1403 | 2.83 | 1.06 | -0.15 |
Male | 801 | 2.68 | 0.97 | ||
Skills Preferences 5-point scale from 1=Important to avoid in my career to 5=Important to have in my career |
|||||
Coordinating with people | Female | 1488 | 3.82 | 0.85 | -0.09 |
Male | 867 | 3.74 | 0.92 | ||
Active listening | Female | 1485 | 3.96 | 0.79 | -0.18 |
Male | 864 | 3.82 | 0.82 | ||
Being socially perceptive | Female | 1480 | 3.85 | 0.90 | -0.25 |
Male | 862 | 3.62 | 0.97 | ||
Choosing equipment | Female | 1484 | 2.93 | 0.89 | 0.51* |
Male | 864 | 3.38 | 0.89 | ||
Computer programming | Female | 1491 | 2.33 | 1.02 | 0.51* |
662 | 869 | 2.87 | 1.13 | ||
Critical thinking | Female | 1484 | 3.88 | 0.89 | 0.32 |
Male | 869 | 4.16 | 0.84 | ||
Decision making | Female | 1489 | 3.80 | 0.85 | 0.16 |
Male | 870 | 3.94 | 0.89 | ||
Designing equipment | Female | 1487 | 2.56 | 0.97 | 0.53* |
Male | 866 | 3.08 | 1.00 | ||
Fixing things | Female | 1486 | 2.90 | 1.07 | 0.47* |
Male | 866 | 3.39 | 1.03 | ||
Helping people | Female | 1493 | 4.05 | 0.90 | -0.32 |
Male | 869 | 3.76 | 0.95 | ||
Installing equipment or programs | Female | 1489 | 2.20 | 0.93 | 0.74** |
Male | 869 | 2.93 | 1.05 | ||
Learning new things | Female | 1487 | 4.43 | 0.65 | -0.03 |
Male | 867 | 4.41 | 0.65 | ||
Maintaining equipment | Female | 1481 | 2.46 | 0.94 | 0.43* |
Male | 865 | 2.89 | 1.04 | ||
Managing money | Female | 1484 | 2.96 | 1.00 | 0.22 |
Male | 865 | 3.19 | 1.06 | ||
Managing people | Female | 1485 | 3.33 | 0.98 | 0.09 |
Male | 865 | 3.42 | 1.02 | ||
Managing things | Female | 1483 | 3.48 | 0.87 | 0.14 |
Male | 864 | 3.60 | 0.87 | ||
Mathematics | Female | 1495 | 2.84 | 1.11 | 0.42* |
Male | 870 | 3.31 | 1.10 | ||
Monitoring equipment | Female | 1480 | 2.41 | 0.89 | 0.48* |
Male | 861 | 2.85 | 0.95 | ||
Monitoring performance | Female | 1484 | 3.39 | 0.88 | 0.06 |
Male | 868 | 3.45 | 0.91 | ||
Negotiation | Female | 1485 | 3.11 | 1.04 | 0.24 |
Male | 865 | 3.35 | 1.04 | ||
Operating equipment | Female | 1481 | 2.61 | 0.97 | 0.53* |
Male | 864 | 3.12 | 1.01 | ||
Performing quality control checks | Female | 1477 | 2.67 | 0.96 | 0.3 |
Male | 859 | 2.96 | 0.98 | ||
Persuasion | Female | 1481 | 3.16 | 1.03 | 0.21 |
Male | 863 | 3.37 | 1.00 | ||
Reading | Female | 1484 | 3.96 | 0.83 | -0.23 |
Male | 865 | 3.76 | 0.91 | ||
Science | Female | 1486 | 3.07 | 1.14 | 0.34 |
Male | 866 | 3.44 | 1.09 | ||
Talking | Female | 1496 | 3.90 | 0.89 | -0.06 |
Male | 870 | 3.85 | 0.91 | ||
Teaching | Female | 1495 | 3.41 | 0.98 | 0.01 |
Male | 868 | 3.42 | 0.99 | ||
Time management | Female | 1487 | 3.60 | 0.85 | -0.21 |
Male | 867 | 3.42 | 0.89 | ||
Troubleshooting | Female | 1481 | 3.40 | 0.96 | 0.3 |
Male | 866 | 3.69 | 0.94 | ||
Writing | Female | 1487 | 3.68 | 0.93 | -0.28 |
Male | 863 | 3.40 | 1.07 | ||
Abilities Preferences 5-point scale from 1=Important to avoid in my career to 5=Important to have in my career |
|||||
Coordination of limbs | Female | 1465 | 3.13 | 0.87 | 0.24 |
Male | 849 | 3.34 | 0.89 | ||
Creative thinking | Female | 1477 | 4.12 | 0.83 | 0.08 |
Male | 852 | 4.19 | 0.81 | ||
Deductive reasoning | Female | 1451 | 3.72 | 0.78 | 0.26 |
Male | 844 | 3.93 | 0.83 | ||
Finger dexterity | Female | 1441 | 3.02 | 0.80 | 0.14 |
Male | 835 | 3.13 | 0.84 | ||
Flexibility | Female | 1470 | 3.83 | 0.84 | -0.05 |
Male | 851 | 3.79 | 0.85 | ||
Focused attention | Female | 1471 | 3.85 | 0.76 | 0.01 |
Male | 850 | 3.86 | 0.79 | ||
Foreseeing problems | Female | 1463 | 3.72 | 0.80 | 0.2 |
Male | 850 | 3.89 | 0.80 | ||
Inductive reasoning | Female | 1448 | 3.67 | 0.79 | 0.28 |
Male | 839 | 3.89 | 0.79 | ||
Manual dexterity | Female | 1432 | 3.07 | 0.82 | 0.2 |
Male | 840 | 3.23 | 0.90 | ||
Memory | Female | 1472 | 3.68 | 0.82 | 0.06 |
Male | 849 | 3.74 | 0.85 | ||
Multitasking | Female | 1469 | 3.68 | 0.86 | -0.18 |
Male | 850 | 3.52 | 0.95 | ||
Physical endurance | Female | 1471 | 2.78 | 1.01 | 0.39 |
Male | 850 | 3.18 | 1.03 | ||
Physical strength | Female | 1469 | 2.65 | 1.02 | 0.44* |
Male | 851 | 3.10 | 1.05 | ||
Reaction time | Female | 1458 | 3.26 | 0.85 | 0.14 |
Male | 848 | 3.38 | 0.92 | ||
Spatial awareness | Female | 1445 | 3.40 | 0.81 | 0.26 |
Male | 843 | 3.61 | 0.83 | ||
Visualization | Female | 1469 | 3.84 | 0.77 | 0.11 |
Male | 849 | 3.93 | 0.77 | ||
Can't Stands 5-point scale from 0=Don't mind at all, 1=Don't mind much, 3=Nice to avoid, 5=Important to avoid, 10=Must avoid! |
|||||
Competition | Female | 1567 | 3.19 | 2.55 | -0.28 |
Male | 900 | 2.50 | 2.42 | ||
Coordinating or leading others | Female | 1566 | 1.43 | 1.94 | 0 |
Male | 899 | 1.44 | 2.08 | ||
Cramped spaces & awkward positions | Female | 1565 | 4.92 | 3.15 | -0.17 |
Male | 894 | 4.40 | 3.05 | ||
Dangerous work environment | Female | 1569 | 5.34 | 3.36 | -0.51* |
Male | 895 | 3.67 | 3.07 | ||
Dealing with angry or rude people | Female | 1571 | 3.63 | 2.86 | -0.11 |
Male | 902 | 3.31 | 2.76 | ||
Dealing with customers | Female | 1570 | 1.91 | 2.21 | 0.04 |
Male | 897 | 2.01 | 2.30 | ||
Dealing with physically aggressive people | Female | 1570 | 5.94 | 3.37 | -0.34 |
Male | 897 | 4.81 | 3.21 | ||
Driving a car or truck | Female | 1570 | 5.69 | 3.45 | -0.37 |
Male | 895 | 4.41 | 3.36 | ||
Exposure to heights | Female | 1568 | 3.60 | 3.29 | -0.14 |
Male | 899 | 3.13 | 3.17 | ||
Frequent decision making | Female | 1569 | 1.51 | 1.81 | -0.11 |
Male | 900 | 1.31 | 1.78 | ||
Kneeling or crawling | Female | 1567 | 3.89 | 3.11 | -0.2 |
Male | 891 | 3.31 | 2.75 | ||
Public speaking | Female | 1565 | 2.77 | 2.95 | -0.13 |
Male | 895 | 2.38 | 2.90 | ||
Repetitive motions | Female | 1554 | 2.58 | 2.32 | 0 |
Male | 892 | 2.59 | 2.27 | ||
Resonsibility for people's health and safety | Female | 1566 | 2.60 | 2.50 | -0.03 |
Male | 894 | 2.52 | 2.43 | ||
Responsibity for results of others | Female | 1567 | 2.72 | 2.39 | -0.1 |
Male | 892 | 2.48 | 2.40 | ||
Sitting most of the time | Female | 1569 | 2.52 | 2.43 | -0.04 |
Male | 896 | 2.43 | 2.38 | ||
Standing most of the time | Female | 1569 | 2.65 | 2.43 | 0.03 |
Male | 896 | 2.71 | 2.54 | ||
Time pressure | Female | 1565 | 2.14 | 2.05 | 0.1 |
Male | 895 | 2.35 | 2.21 | ||
Unpredictable work schedules | Female | 1563 | 2.63 | 2.25 | -0.09 |
Male | 895 | 2.44 | 2.24 | ||
Working in extreme temperatures | Female | 1567 | 4.76 | 3.25 | -0.35 |
Male | 900 | 3.65 | 2.96 | ||
Working indoors all the time | Female | 1569 | 1.55 | 1.77 | 0.14 |
Male | 892 | 1.81 | 2.05 | ||
Working more than 40 hours a week | Female | 1561 | 2.14 | 2.14 | -0.12 |
Male | 892 | 1.88 | 2.08 | ||
Working outdoors exposed to weather | Female | 1568 | 4.23 | 3.34 | -0.41* |
Male | 896 | 2.94 | 2.85 | ||
Organizational Culture
5-point scale from 1= Least important to 5= Most important |
|||||
Aggressiveness | Female | 1116 | 1.25 | 0.70 | 0.29 |
Male | 616 | 1.49 | 1.00 | ||
Caring about employees | Female | 1117 | 3.53 | 1.31 | -0.26 |
Male | 615 | 3.18 | 1.37 | ||
Fairness / Justice | Female | 1117 | 3.20 | 1.33 | -0.17 |
Male | 615 | 2.97 | 1.40 | ||
Flexibility / adapting to change | Female | 1115 | 3.04 | 1.32 | 0 |
Male | 616 | 3.04 | 1.34 | ||
Getting things done | Female | 1117 | 3.20 | 1.31 | 0.01 |
Male | 615 | 3.21 | 1.37 | ||
Innovation | Female | 1117 | 2.98 | 1.40 | 0.24 |
Male | 616 | 3.31 | 1.44 | ||
Openness and honesty | Female | 1116 | 3.45 | 1.26 | -0.21 |
Male | 615 | 3.18 | 1.31 | ||
Precision | Female | 1117 | 2.20 | 1.24 | 0.24 |
Male | 615 | 2.50 | 1.34 | ||
Providing high quality products or services | Female | 1117 | 3.15 | 1.38 | -0.01 |
Male | 614 | 3.13 | 1.43 | ||
Self-control | Female | 1117 | 1.93 | 1.08 | 0.16 |
Male | 614 | 2.11 | 1.17 | ||
Taking Chances | Female | 1115 | 2.18 | 1.22 | 0.02 |
Male | 616 | 2.20 | 1.28 | ||
Valuing customers | Female | 1114 | 2.88 | 1.34 | -0.15 |
Male | 616 | 2.68 | 1.25 |
* Moderate difference, ** Large difference
Positive Cohen's d values indicate that the majority group scored higher than the minority group.
Age
For age analyses, people over 40 are the protected group. Out of the 138 scales, five results reached a moderate size. People over 40 scored slightly lower than people 39 or under on Organizational Culture of Precision (d = .48). However, they scored higher than people 39 or under on Preference Regarding Troubleshooting (d = -.53), Work Style of Integrity (d = -.55), Work Style of Dependability (d = -.45), and Organizational Culture of Valuing Customers (d = -.50).
Overall, these results suggest age differences are generally small. If anything, results tend to favor the protected group.
Scale | Age | Sample Size |
Average | Standard Deviation | Cohen's d (?) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Holland Codes 5-point scale from 1=Hate it to 5=Love it |
|||||
Artistic | 40 or over | 336 | 2.75 | 0.84 | 0.01 |
39 or under | 2555 | 2.76 | 0.87 | ||
Conventional | 40 or over | 343 | 2.42 | 0.83 | -0.09 |
39 or under | 2568 | 2.34 | 0.83 | ||
Enterprising | 40 or over | 335 | 2.54 | 0.70 | 0.02 |
39 or under | 2544 | 2.55 | 0.70 | ||
Investigative | 40 or over | 340 | 2.86 | 0.91 | 0.06 |
39 or under | 2569 | 2.92 | 0.92 | ||
Realistic | 40 or over | 341 | 2.12 | 0.79 | -0.05 |
39 or under | 2573 | 2.08 | 0.80 | ||
Social | 40 or over | 341 | 2.96 | 0.71 | -0.08 |
39 or under | 2561 | 2.90 | 0.80 | ||
Work Styles / Personality 5-point scale from 1=Strongly disagree to 5=Strongly agree |
|||||
Achievement/Effort | 40 or over | 288 | 3.57 | 0.61 | 0.13 |
39 or under | 2218 | 3.66 | 0.71 | ||
Adaptability/Flexibility | 40 or over | 289 | 3.57 | 0.59 | -0.22 |
39 or under | 2202 | 3.44 | 0.61 | ||
Analytical thinking | 40 or over | 288 | 3.83 | 0.63 | -0.12 |
39 or under | 2199 | 3.75 | 0.74 | ||
Attention to detail | 40 or over | 287 | 3.46 | 0.70 | 0.15 |
39 or under | 2208 | 3.57 | 0.74 | ||
Concern for others | 40 or over | 287 | 3.79 | 0.57 | -0.12 |
39 or under | 2210 | 3.71 | 0.69 | ||
Cooperation | 40 or over | 289 | 3.85 | 0.58 | -0.12 |
39 or under | 2207 | 3.78 | 0.61 | ||
Dependability | 40 or over | 290 | 4.14 | 0.50 | -0.45* |
39 or under | 2201 | 3.84 | 0.68 | ||
Independence | 40 or over | 292 | 3.69 | 0.50 | -0.33 |
39 or under | 2214 | 3.51 | 0.56 | ||
Initiative | 40 or over | 285 | 3.72 | 0.53 | -0.35 |
39 or under | 2204 | 3.51 | 0.61 | ||
Innovation | 40 or over | 293 | 3.84 | 0.81 | -0.13 |
39 or under | 2227 | 3.73 | 0.85 | ||
Integrity | 40 or over | 287 | 4.12 | 0.57 | -0.55* |
39 or under | 2207 | 3.71 | 0.76 | ||
Leadership | 40 or over | 295 | 3.35 | 0.87 | -0.07 |
39 or under | 2228 | 3.28 | 0.95 | ||
Persistence | 40 or over | 289 | 3.82 | 0.46 | -0.21 |
39 or under | 2207 | 3.70 | 0.62 | ||
Self control | 40 or over | 290 | 3.57 | 0.71 | -0.02 |
39 or under | 2212 | 3.55 | 0.75 | ||
Social orientation | 40 or over | 290 | 3.28 | 0.77 | -0.11 |
39 or under | 2213 | 3.19 | 0.82 | ||
Basic Interests 5-point scale from 1=Hate it to 5=Love it |
|||||
Adventure | 40 or over | 277 | 2.62 | 0.90 | 0.23 |
39 or under | 2083 | 2.84 | 0.97 | ||
Athletics | 40 or over | 277 | 2.60 | 0.98 | -0.11 |
39 or under | 2088 | 2.49 | 1.03 | ||
Beauty & style | 40 or over | 238 | 2.62 | 0.84 | 0.01 |
39 or under | 1852 | 2.63 | 0.95 | ||
Business | 40 or over | 274 | 3.05 | 0.96 | -0.16 |
39 or under | 2095 | 2.90 | 1.01 | ||
Counseling and helping | 40 or over | 277 | 3.04 | 0.88 | -0.05 |
39 or under | 2088 | 3.00 | 0.94 | ||
Creative arts | 40 or over | 276 | 3.15 | 1.01 | -0.03 |
39 or under | 2093 | 3.12 | 1.08 | ||
Creative writing & journalism | 40 or over | 239 | 3.20 | 0.86 | -0.12 |
39 or under | 1861 | 3.08 | 1.07 | ||
Culinary arts | 40 or over | 277 | 2.84 | 0.91 | -0.04 |
39 or under | 2092 | 2.80 | 0.97 | ||
Engineering | 40 or over | 275 | 2.52 | 0.93 | -0.04 |
39 or under | 2092 | 2.49 | 0.97 | ||
Family activity | 40 or over | 237 | 3.56 | 0.65 | -0.15 |
39 or under | 1849 | 3.44 | 0.83 | ||
Finance | 40 or over | 275 | 2.65 | 0.98 | -0.06 |
39 or under | 2094 | 2.59 | 0.99 | ||
Green industry | 40 or over | 239 | 3.30 | 0.86 | -0.06 |
39 or under | 1863 | 3.25 | 0.95 | ||
Healthcare service | 40 or over | 276 | 2.69 | 0.86 | 0.06 |
39 or under | 2089 | 2.74 | 0.94 | ||
Human relations management | 40 or over | 238 | 3.06 | 0.73 | -0.25 |
39 or under | 1854 | 2.85 | 0.86 | ||
Information technology | 40 or over | 277 | 2.50 | 0.97 | -0.01 |
39 or under | 2095 | 2.49 | 0.99 | ||
Law | 40 or over | 277 | 2.63 | 0.93 | -0.09 |
39 or under | 2087 | 2.54 | 1.00 | ||
Life science | 40 or over | 281 | 2.75 | 0.98 | -0.04 |
39 or under | 2124 | 2.71 | 0.97 | ||
Management | 40 or over | 276 | 2.83 | 0.88 | -0.09 |
39 or under | 2086 | 2.74 | 0.91 | ||
Manual labor | 40 or over | 277 | 1.91 | 0.72 | -0.14 |
39 or under | 2087 | 1.82 | 0.69 | ||
Mathematics | 40 or over | 238 | 2.36 | 0.96 | 0.04 |
39 or under | 1863 | 2.41 | 1.09 | ||
Military | 40 or over | 236 | 1.85 | 0.97 | 0.11 |
39 or under | 1852 | 1.95 | 1.02 | ||
Nature and agriculture | 40 or over | 237 | 2.61 | 0.71 | -0.25 |
39 or under | 1850 | 2.43 | 0.77 | ||
Office clerical work | 40 or over | 237 | 2.70 | 0.78 | -0.13 |
39 or under | 1849 | 2.60 | 0.81 | ||
Performing arts | 40 or over | 237 | 2.88 | 0.93 | -0.11 |
39 or under | 1855 | 2.77 | 1.04 | ||
Personal service | 40 or over | 238 | 2.64 | 0.68 | -0.18 |
39 or under | 1854 | 2.50 | 0.75 | ||
Physical science | 40 or over | 276 | 2.54 | 0.95 | 0.01 |
39 or under | 2105 | 2.54 | 0.98 | ||
Politics | 40 or over | 239 | 2.40 | 0.95 | -0.01 |
39 or under | 1862 | 2.39 | 1.02 | ||
Professional advising | 40 or over | 238 | 3.24 | 0.88 | -0.31 |
39 or under | 1858 | 2.96 | 0.92 | ||
Protective services | 40 or over | 276 | 2.28 | 0.82 | -0.09 |
39 or under | 2086 | 2.20 | 0.84 | ||
Religion & spirituality | 40 or over | 239 | 2.66 | 0.95 | -0.30 |
39 or under | 1860 | 2.36 | 1.01 | ||
Sales | 40 or over | 238 | 2.37 | 0.93 | -0.02 |
39 or under | 1851 | 2.35 | 0.95 | ||
Skilled trades | 40 or over | 277 | 2.52 | 0.99 | -0.26 |
39 or under | 2091 | 2.27 | 0.96 | ||
Social sciences | 40 or over | 276 | 3.42 | 0.82 | 0.09 |
39 or under | 2088 | 3.50 | 0.91 | ||
Teaching | 40 or over | 276 | 3.24 | 0.84 | -0.22 |
39 or under | 2096 | 3.03 | 0.98 | ||
Technical writing | 40 or over | 238 | 2.48 | 0.83 | -0.31 |
39 or under | 1859 | 2.22 | 0.83 | ||
Working with animals | 40 or over | 239 | 2.81 | 0.96 | -0.04 |
39 or under | 1864 | 2.77 | 1.04 | ||
Skills Preferences 5-point scale from 1=Important to avoid in my career to 5=Important to have in my career |
|||||
Coordinating with people | 40 or over | 258 | 3.85 | 0.80 | -0.08 |
39 or under | 1986 | 3.78 | 0.90 | ||
Active listening | 40 or over | 257 | 3.96 | 0.75 | -0.06 |
39 or under | 1981 | 3.91 | 0.82 | ||
Being socially perceptive | 40 or over | 258 | 3.87 | 0.88 | -0.12 |
39 or under | 1974 | 3.76 | 0.94 | ||
Choosing equipment | 40 or over | 257 | 3.17 | 0.90 | -0.09 |
39 or under | 1979 | 3.08 | 0.93 | ||
Computer programming | 40 or over | 256 | 2.64 | 1.13 | -0.13 |
39 or under | 1992 | 2.50 | 1.09 | ||
Critical thinking | 40 or over | 258 | 3.96 | 0.81 | 0.05 |
39 or under | 1984 | 4.00 | 0.88 | ||
Decision making | 40 or over | 258 | 3.99 | 0.77 | -0.18 |
39 or under | 1989 | 3.84 | 0.88 | ||
Designing equipment | 40 or over | 258 | 2.76 | 0.98 | -0.02 |
39 or under | 1983 | 2.74 | 1.01 | ||
Fixing things | 40 or over | 257 | 3.19 | 1.01 | -0.10 |
39 or under | 1984 | 3.08 | 1.09 | ||
Helping people | 40 or over | 256 | 4.00 | 0.77 | -0.07 |
39 or under | 1994 | 3.94 | 0.95 | ||
Installing equipment or programs | 40 or over | 258 | 2.53 | 1.01 | -0.07 |
39 or under | 1989 | 2.46 | 1.05 | ||
Learning new things | 40 or over | 257 | 4.35 | 0.66 | 0.12 |
39 or under | 1986 | 4.43 | 0.65 | ||
Maintaining equipment | 40 or over | 257 | 2.60 | 1.07 | 0.02 |
39 or under | 1980 | 2.62 | 0.99 | ||
Managing money | 40 or over | 258 | 3.12 | 0.98 | -0.09 |
39 or under | 1981 | 3.03 | 1.03 | ||
Managing people | 40 or over | 257 | 3.31 | 1.04 | 0.04 |
39 or under | 1983 | 3.36 | 1.00 | ||
Managing things | 40 or over | 257 | 3.65 | 0.75 | -0.16 |
39 or under | 1980 | 3.51 | 0.89 | ||
Mathematics | 40 or over | 257 | 3.06 | 1.06 | -0.05 |
39 or under | 1996 | 3.01 | 1.14 | ||
Monitoring equipment | 40 or over | 258 | 2.62 | 0.94 | -0.06 |
39 or under | 1973 | 2.57 | 0.93 | ||
Monitoring performance | 40 or over | 258 | 3.46 | 0.87 | -0.06 |
39 or under | 1984 | 3.41 | 0.91 | ||
Negotiation | 40 or over | 257 | 3.18 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
39 or under | 1981 | 3.18 | 1.06 | ||
Operating equipment | 40 or over | 258 | 2.92 | 1.02 | -0.13 |
39 or under | 1977 | 2.79 | 1.02 | ||
Performing quality control checks | 40 or over | 258 | 2.87 | 0.96 | -0.11 |
39 or under | 1971 | 2.76 | 0.97 | ||
Persuasion | 40 or over | 258 | 3.26 | 1.00 | -0.04 |
39 or under | 1977 | 3.22 | 1.04 | ||
Reading | 40 or over | 258 | 3.91 | 0.80 | -0.03 |
39 or under | 1982 | 3.89 | 0.87 | ||
Science | 40 or over | 258 | 3.06 | 1.00 | 0.16 |
39 or under | 1983 | 3.24 | 1.15 | ||
Talking | 40 or over | 257 | 3.95 | 0.78 | -0.09 |
39 or under | 1997 | 3.87 | 0.92 | ||
Teaching | 40 or over | 257 | 3.68 | 0.91 | -0.31 |
39 or under | 1994 | 3.38 | 0.99 | ||
Time management | 40 or over | 257 | 3.62 | 0.81 | -0.10 |
39 or under | 1986 | 3.53 | 0.88 | ||
Troubleshooting | 40 or over | 257 | 3.95 | 0.79 | -0.53* |
39 or under | 1979 | 3.45 | 0.97 | ||
Writing | 40 or over | 257 | 3.70 | 0.85 | -0.13 |
39 or under | 1983 | 3.57 | 1.01 | ||
Abilities Preferences
5-point scale from 1= Important to avoid in my career to 5= Important to have in my career |
|||||
Coordination of limbs | 40 or over | 252 | 3.28 | 0.85 | -0.09 |
39 or under | 1949 | 3.20 | 0.89 | ||
Creative thinking | 40 or over | 254 | 4.20 | 0.76 | -0.06 |
39 or under | 1964 | 4.15 | 0.82 | ||
Deductive reasoning | 40 or over | 254 | 3.89 | 0.64 | -0.12 |
39 or under | 1934 | 3.79 | 0.83 | ||
Finger dexterity | 40 or over | 253 | 3.01 | 0.79 | 0.07 |
39 or under | 1913 | 3.07 | 0.82 | ||
Flexibility | 40 or over | 253 | 3.91 | 0.73 | -0.13 |
39 or under | 1957 | 3.80 | 0.87 | ||
Focused attention | 40 or over | 254 | 3.90 | 0.68 | -0.07 |
39 or under | 1955 | 3.84 | 0.78 | ||
Foreseeing problems | 40 or over | 253 | 3.83 | 0.72 | -0.06 |
39 or under | 1950 | 3.79 | 0.80 | ||
Inductive reasoning | 40 or over | 254 | 3.83 | 0.72 | -0.09 |
39 or under | 1929 | 3.75 | 0.81 | ||
Manual dexterity | 40 or over | 254 | 3.20 | 0.82 | -0.09 |
39 or under | 1918 | 3.12 | 0.86 | ||
Memory | 40 or over | 254 | 3.70 | 0.79 | 0.00 |
39 or under | 1955 | 3.70 | 0.85 | ||
Multitasking | 40 or over | 254 | 3.61 | 0.87 | 0.01 |
39 or under | 1953 | 3.61 | 0.91 | ||
Physical endurance | 40 or over | 252 | 2.84 | 0.98 | 0.09 |
39 or under | 1958 | 2.94 | 1.04 | ||
Physical strength | 40 or over | 254 | 2.89 | 0.95 | -0.09 |
39 or under | 1954 | 2.80 | 1.06 | ||
Reaction time | 40 or over | 254 | 3.32 | 0.82 | -0.01 |
39 or under | 1944 | 3.31 | 0.89 | ||
Spatial awareness | 40 or over | 254 | 3.56 | 0.81 | -0.12 |
39 or under | 1932 | 3.46 | 0.83 | ||
Visualization | 40 or over | 254 | 3.86 | 0.78 | 0.04 |
39 or under | 1953 | 3.89 | 0.77 | ||
Can't Stands 5-point scale from 0=Don't mind at all, 1=Don't mind much, 3=Nice to avoid, 5=Important to avoid, 10=Must avoid! |
|||||
Competition | 40 or over | 276 | 3.17 | 2.45 | -0.09 |
39 or under | 2075 | 2.95 | 2.57 | ||
Coordinating or leading others | 40 or over | 274 | 1.43 | 2.05 | 0.01 |
39 or under | 2076 | 1.44 | 1.98 | ||
Cramped spaces & awkward positions | 40 or over | 275 | 5.50 | 3.07 | -0.29 |
39 or under | 2067 | 4.61 | 3.12 | ||
Dangerous work environment | 40 or over | 275 | 5.52 | 3.46 | -0.26 |
39 or under | 2072 | 4.65 | 3.34 | ||
Dealing with angry or rude people | 40 or over | 276 | 3.34 | 2.56 | 0.08 |
39 or under | 2082 | 3.55 | 2.89 | ||
Dealing with customers | 40 or over | 275 | 1.73 | 2.12 | 0.12 |
39 or under | 2077 | 2.00 | 2.28 | ||
Dealing with physically aggressive people | 40 or over | 275 | 6.09 | 3.23 | -0.19 |
39 or under | 2076 | 5.46 | 3.36 | ||
Driving a car or truck | 40 or over | 275 | 4.31 | 3.25 | 0.31 |
39 or under | 2074 | 5.37 | 3.48 | ||
Exposure to heights | 40 or over | 275 | 3.91 | 3.28 | -0.17 |
39 or under | 2076 | 3.36 | 3.26 | ||
Frequent decision making | 40 or over | 276 | 1.18 | 1.72 | 0.15 |
39 or under | 2076 | 1.45 | 1.78 | ||
Kneeling or crawling | 40 or over | 274 | 4.42 | 2.95 | -0.29 |
39 or under | 2067 | 3.55 | 2.99 | ||
Public speaking | 40 or over | 275 | 2.34 | 2.80 | 0.11 |
39 or under | 2069 | 2.68 | 2.98 | ||
Repetitive motions | 40 or over | 275 | 2.92 | 2.34 | -0.17 |
39 or under | 2056 | 2.54 | 2.30 | ||
Resonsibility for people's health and safety | 40 or over | 275 | 2.49 | 2.27 | 0.03 |
39 or under | 2068 | 2.56 | 2.49 | ||
Responsibity for results of others | 40 or over | 275 | 2.59 | 2.55 | 0.01 |
39 or under | 2068 | 2.61 | 2.36 | ||
Sitting most of the time | 40 or over | 275 | 2.95 | 2.57 | -0.21 |
39 or under | 2073 | 2.44 | 2.38 | ||
Standing most of the time | 40 or over | 275 | 3.24 | 2.55 | -0.26 |
39 or under | 2073 | 2.59 | 2.45 | ||
Time pressure | 40 or over | 275 | 2.12 | 1.97 | 0.05 |
39 or under | 2069 | 2.22 | 2.13 | ||
Unpredictable work schedules | 40 or over | 275 | 2.72 | 2.18 | -0.06 |
39 or under | 2067 | 2.57 | 2.29 | ||
Working in extreme temperatures | 40 or over | 275 | 4.80 | 3.19 | -0.17 |
39 or under | 2076 | 4.27 | 3.19 | ||
Working indoors all the time | 40 or over | 275 | 1.65 | 1.77 | 0.00 |
39 or under | 2070 | 1.65 | 1.91 | ||
Working more than 40 hours a week | 40 or over | 274 | 2.23 | 2.17 | -0.09 |
39 or under | 2064 | 2.04 | 2.13 | ||
Working outdoors exposed to weather | 40 or over | 275 | 4.15 | 3.12 | -0.15 |
39 or under | 2074 | 3.67 | 3.21 | ||
Organizational Culture
5-point scale from 1= Least important to 5= Most important |
|||||
Aggressiveness | 40 or over | 179 | 1.12 | 0.41 | 0.31 |
39 or under | 1477 | 1.37 | 0.86 | ||
Caring about employees | 40 or over | 178 | 3.70 | 1.30 | -0.23 |
39 or under | 1478 | 3.39 | 1.34 | ||
Fairness / Justice | 40 or over | 178 | 3.06 | 1.24 | 0.04 |
39 or under | 1478 | 3.11 | 1.38 | ||
Flexibility / adapting to change | 40 or over | 179 | 3.15 | 1.26 | -0.07 |
39 or under | 1476 | 3.05 | 1.34 | ||
Getting things done | 40 or over | 178 | 3.03 | 1.26 | 0.13 |
39 or under | 1478 | 3.20 | 1.34 | ||
Innovation | 40 or over | 179 | 3.02 | 1.30 | 0.08 |
39 or under | 1478 | 3.13 | 1.43 | ||
Openness and honesty | 40 or over | 178 | 3.61 | 1.10 | -0.21 |
39 or under | 1478 | 3.34 | 1.30 | ||
Precision | 40 or over | 178 | 1.75 | 0.97 | 0.48* |
39 or under | 1478 | 2.35 | 1.28 | ||
Providing high quality products or services | 40 or over | 178 | 3.60 | 1.27 | -0.38 |
39 or under | 1477 | 3.07 | 1.41 | ||
Self-control | 40 or over | 178 | 1.67 | 0.93 | 0.31 |
39 or under | 1477 | 2.02 | 1.12 | ||
Taking Chances | 40 or over | 179 | 1.92 | 1.14 | 0.23 |
39 or under | 1477 | 2.21 | 1.26 | ||
Valuing customers | 40 or over | 179 | 3.41 | 1.22 | -0.50* |
39 or under | 1475 | 2.77 | 1.30 |
* Moderate difference, ** Large difference
Positive Cohen's d values indicate that the majority group scored higher than the minority group.
Cohen's d is a measure of effect size. It is defined as the difference between two means divided by the pooled standard deviation of the groups.
Mean majority group - Mean minority group
Standard Deviation pooled
Mean majority group - Mean minority group
Standard Deviation pooled
#m1 - #m2
((#s1*#n1)+(#s2*#n2)) / (#n1+#n2)